Cremesti.com Environmental Portal

Developed by Rami E. Cremesti M.Sc.Ind.Chem.

Water Treatment Specialist/Consultant.

Click here for Water Treatment Resume
Click here for CV

Water is Life... Treat it Right

Cremesti.com deeply regrest the Hezbollah-instigated July-August war in Lebanon which has left millions of dollars worth of damage in property and land-underground water-sea pollution not to mention close to 1400 lives (mostly civillian). The continuing actions of this terrorist organization in destabilizing Lebanon are truely regrettable.

Below I have compiled a wealth of information for the water treatment professional or enthusiast consisting of topics
in water treatment, technologies, water chemistries, resources and references.

I - Water: An Overview and FAQ's:

http://www.lenntech.com/Water-FAQ.htm

II - Water Impurities:

A. Inorganics
B. Organics
C. Biological contaminants
D. Gases
E. Suspended Solids/Oils

>> An excellent article by Lenntech on water impurities.

>> An excellent article or water contaminants and methods of removing them from Enting.

>> WHO's drinking water standards

III - Problems Caused by Water Impurities In Industry

A. Corrosion
B. Scale
C. Fouling
D. Microbial Contamination
E. Environmental Pollution
F. Foaming
G. Carry over in boilers
H. Turbine deposits
I. Algal Blooms
J. Mussels
K. Fish

XII - Industrial Water Treatment Sequence:

A. Pretreatment: This stage involves methods such as steam stripping, oxidation and neutralization. This stage removes impurities
such as phenols, thiols, amines, ammonia, sulfide and adjusts the PH

B. Primary Treatment: This stage aims to remove free oil, suspended/emulsified oil, suspended solids, colloids. Methods used include
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), Coagulation, Sand Filtration.

C. Secondary Treatment: (aka biological treatment, activated sludge, "bugs" treatment) This stage uses sludges that contain microbiologically active bacteria ("bugs" in slang) that metabolize impurities and break them down into simpler less harmful molecules. This stage removes dissolved oraganics.

D. Tertiary Treatment: This stage removes color, taste, odor, dissolved organics and inorganics. It uses methods such as Ozonation, activated-Carbon filtration, ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Ion Exchange resins, and EDR.

E. Sludge Dewatering: This stage reduces the volume of the refuse sludge that is generated in previous stages by reducing the water content of the refuse sludge. Methods used are centrifugation, filter-presses, belt-pressing.

Check Lenntech's water treatment Decision Path tutorial.

IV - Water Treatment Chemicals.

Click here for an overview of water treatment chemical categories.

Click here for a list of Precipitation Softening Chemicals

V - Analysis of Water

A. Physical Properties  (ex. conductivity, turbidity)
B. Chemical Constituents
      - Ions
      - Organics
      - Gases
C. Biological Contaminants (viruses, bacteria)
D. Equipment Used In Water Analysis (MS, GC, AA, wet chemistry tests, spectrophotometry)

E. Click here to view Hach-Lange's list of water analysis parameters

Click here for a list of sites on Water Analysis Methods

Click here for a list of Water analysis instrument companies

VI - Water Uses in Industry:

A. Power Generation (boilers/turbines)
B. Cooling
C. Fire-fighting
D. Drinking
F. Electricity Generation (water turbines)

VII - Water Treatment Equipment/Processes:

Absorption & Ion Exchange Analyzers Arsenic Removal Biological & Organics removal  Chlorinators Cooling Towers Dealkalizers Deionizers Demineralizers Desalination

Disinfection Dryers Evaporators Filters Incinerators Ion Exchange Iron Removal Liners Liquid-Solid Separators Leachate Treatment

Ozone Generators Pollution Control Reclamation Systems Recycling Reverse Osmosis Sewage Treatment Stormwater Treatment Water Softening Water/Oil Separators Membranes (RO, MF, UF, NF, Membranes in Waste Water Treatment,  O2 and CO2 removal)

VIII - Water Related Associations:

A. American Water Works Association: www.awwa.org
B. EPA: www.epa.gov 
C. Environmental Response Team: http://www.ert.org/
D. NACE: National Association for Corrosion Engineers - nace.org
E. Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association
F. The Global Directory for Environmental Technology: http://eco-web.com/
G. International Water Association: http://www.iwahq.org.uk/
H. Water and Environment Federation: wef.org
I: International Desalination Association: idadesal.org
J. Water Quality Association: wqa.org 
K. http://www.ywat.org Young Water Action Team
L. British Water - The UK equivalent of AWWA

IX - Water Related References/Papers:

A. Wiley Water Encyclopedia: http://www.wileywater.com/
B. Jonas Inc. White Papers: http://www.steamcycle.com/troubleshooting_resources.htm
C. GE Betz Articles
D. Water and Waste Water Website: www.waterandwastewater.com
E. The Cooling Tower Doctor
F. Academic Publications in Water Treatment:

G. World Resources Institute (WRI) is an environmental think tank.
H. Sustainable Business
I. Risk Mitigation by Managing Water Treatment System Interfaces in the Power Industry - Bechtel paper
J. edie.net

X - Water Treatment Industry Key Players:

A. GE Water, GE Infrastructure (aka Ionics corp.)
B. Siemens Water Technologies
C. Nalco
D. Metito
E. Baker-Petrolite
F. CIBA Specialty Chemicals
G. See list of many more companies on http://eco-web.com/
H. Environmental Consulting Firms in the USA from eco.org
I. Ionics Corp. (aka GE Infrastructure, Water and Process Technologies)
J. Lenntech - badly designed site, amazing company
K. US Filter - A Siements Co.
L. Zenon Environmental
M. Black and Veatch
O. Degremont
P. Veolia Water
Q. http://www.mwhglobal.com/ 

 

XI - Market Research/Data:

Excellent resource for the water market in Bulgaria is the following from MAC (Market Access and Compliance):

http://www.mac.doc.gov/ceebic/countryr/Bulgaria/MARKET/WasteTreatmentEquip.htm

Market Research Resource: http://www.marketresearch.com/.
Residential Water Treatment Market overview/article: http://www.marketresearch.com/map/prod/319483.html

XII - Books On Water Treatment

1. Cooling Water Treatment: Principles and Practice: Colin Frayne
Hardcover, Package, 1999

2. Handbook of Water Treatment Chemicals: An International Guide to More Than 3400 Products by Trade Name, Chemical, Function, and Manufacturer, Hardcover, 1996

3. Chemical Treatment of Boiler Water: James W. McCoy
Hardcover, 1980

4. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment (Hardcover, 1996)
Author: Ronald L. Droste

5. Gower Handbook of Water Treatment Chemicals : An International Guide to More
Than 3400 Products by Trade Name, Chemical, Function, and Manufacturer
(Hardcover, 1996) . Compiled by Michael and Irene Ash

6. List of Water Treatment books recommended by Lenntech.

XIII - Print and Online Water-Related Journals:

http://www.watertechonline.com/

http://www.environmental-expert.com/

XIV - Water Jobs

http://www.my-water-career.com/ 

AWWA Job site

XV - Water Research Institutes/Centers:

Zukerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben Gurion University
AWWARF 
Water Reuse Research Foundation